Application Integration or Enterprise Application Integration

It’s the sharing of processes and data among different applications in an enterprise.

Different levels of integration

• Presentation Level
• Business Process Level
• Data Level
• Communications Level

Presentation Level

In this level, Integration is achieved by presenting several different applications as a single application with a common user inteface (UI). Also known as Screen Scraping.

This older approach to integration involves using : middleware technology to collect the information that a user enters into a web page or some other user interface.

Business Process Level

The logical processes required by an enterprise to conduct its business are mapped onto its IT assets, which often reside in different parts of the enterprise and increasingly, the cloud. By identifying individual actions in a workflow and approaching their IT assets as a meta-system (i.e. a system of systems), enterprises can use applications integration to define how individual applications will interact in order to automate crucial business processes, resulting in the faster delivery of goods and services to customers, reduced chances for human error, and lower operational costs.

Data Level

Aside from business process integration, data integration is also required for successful applications integration. If an application can’t exchange and understand data from another application, inconsistencies can arise and business processes become less efficient. Data integration is achieved by either writing code that enables each application to understand data from other applications in the enterprise or by making use of an intermediate data format that can be interpreted by both sender and receiver applications. The latter approach is preferable over the former since it scales better as enterprise systems grow in size and complexity. In both cases, access, interpretation, and data transformation are important capabilities for successfully integrating data.

Communications Level

Underlying business process and data integration are communications-level integration. This refers to how different applications within an enterprise talk to each other, either through file transfer, request/reply methods, or messaging. In many cases, applications weren’t designed to communicate with each other, requiring technologies for enabling such communication. These include Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), which specify how applications can be called, and connectors that act as intermediaries between applications. At the communications level, it is also important to consider the architecture of interactions between applications, which can be integrated according to a point-to-point model, hub-and-spoke approach, or with an Enterprise Service Bus (ESB).

Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Communication

Without effective communication, business processes and data cannot be properly integrated. Depending on an enterprise’s particular needs, communication can be either synchronous, asynchronous, or some combination of the two.

In synchronous communication, a sender application sends a request to a receiver application and must wait for a reply before it can continue with its processing. This pattern is typically used in scenarios where data requests need to be coordinated in a sequential manner.

In asynchronous communication, a sender application sends a message to a receiver application and continues its processing before receiving a response. In other words, the sender application does not depend on the receiver application to complete its processing. If multiple applications are being integrated in such a fashion, the sender application can complete its processing even if other subprocesses have not finished processing.